Verbal Noun - Definition and Examples

A noun that is derived from a verb (usually by adding the suffix -ing) and that exhibits the ordinary properties of a noun. For example, in the sentence His firing of William was a mistake, the word firing functions as a verbal noun (A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 1985). As Sidney Greenbaum notes in The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992), Verbal nouns contrast with deverbal nouns, that is, other kinds of nouns derived from verbs, such as attempt, destruction, and including nouns ending in -ing that do not have verbal force: building in The building was empty. They also contrast with the gerund, which also ends in -ing, but is syntactically a verb.In traditional grammar, the expression verbal noun has often been treated as a synonym for gerund, but both terms are out of favour among some modern grammarians (Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 2014). Examples and Observations: The atmosphere at home had become difficult as we approached our opening of the Shrew.(Sian Phillips, Public Places. Faber Faber, 2003)His acting  the part of Othello was distinguished by a breadth and grandeur that placed it far beyond the efforts of other actors.Even in fiction, the Joads misery is best captured in vignettes: Mas colloquies with Rose of Sharon, the rollicking dance at the government camp, Uncle Johns sending the dead baby down the river, images easily translated into film.  (Susan Shillinglaw, Introduction to A Russian Journal by John Steinbeck. Penguin, 1999)Margureitte Radcliffes afternoon testimony was taken up with her typing of the confession, the choice of paper, the crossed-out portions, the manner in which she had inserted the paper into the typewriter--all questions from Andy Weathers.  (Ann Rule, Everything She Ever Wanted. Simon Schuster, 1992)The building of the British Empire may be said to have begun with the ascent of Queen Elizabeth to the t hrone.  The dead might as well try to speak to the living as the old to the young.  (Willa Cather, One of Ours, 1922) Nominal Qualities of Verbal Nouns Though derived from a verb, a verbal noun is strictly a noun, and it exhibits nominal properties: it takes determiners like the and this, it permits adjectives (but not adverbs), it permits following prepositional phrases (but not objects), and it can even be pluralized if the sense permits. Example: In football, the deliberate tripping of an opponent is a foul. Here the verbal noun tripping takes the determiner the, the adjective deliberate and the prepositional phrase of an opponent, but it exhibits no verbal properties at all. In other words, tripping, in this case, is a perfectly ordinary noun, behaving just like any other noun, with no verbal properties in sight. Compare the last example with one involving the unremarkable noun attack: In football, a deliberate attack on an opponent is a foul.  (R.L. Trask, Mind the Gaffe! Harper, 2006) -ing Forms English . . . has a verb plus -ing form, rare in the multiplicity of its functions and in its complexity. No two grammars appear to agree on the appropriate terms for these forms: gerund, verb noun, verbal noun, participial clause, participial adjective, present participle, deverbal adjective, deverbal noun. Moreover, often one or another of its uses is omitted.  (Peter Newmark, Looking at English Words in Translation. Words, Words, Words: The Translator and the Language Learner, ed. by Gunilla M. Anderman and Margaret Rogers. Multilingual Matters, 1996) Gerunds and Verbal Nouns Gerunds are defined by two properties, the first making them verb-like, the second noun-like: (a) A gerund contains (at least) a verb stem and the suffix -ing.(b) A gerund has one of the functions that are characteristic of nouns--or rather, . . . a gerund heads a phrase with one of the functions that are characteristic of NPs . . .. The combination of verb-like and noun-like properties given in (a) and (b) underlies the traditional characterisation of gerunds as verbal nouns. Note, however, that this latter term, verbal noun, implies that greater weight is attached to (b) than to (a): a verbal noun is primarily a kind of noun, not a kind of verb.  (Rodney D. Huddleston, Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, 1984) Possession and Verbal Nouns You are familiar with gerund clauses as in this sentence: 30a We watched Mark winning the race. Compare this sentence: 30b We applauded Marks winning of the race. 30b contains a verbal noun, formed like the gerund by adding -ing to the verb but differing from the gerund in the kind of construction it appears in: the subject of the verbal noun is typically possessive and the object of the verbal noun is preceded by of, as in the example. All verbs form a gerund by adding -ing. . . .The next group of sentences contains verbal noun clauses in subject and object positions. As the examples show, when the verb requires a preposition before an object, the verbal noun keeps that preposition but if the verb does not have a preposition, the verbal noun inserts of. 31 I enjoyed our conversation. (We conversed.)32 Your response to that question was brilliant. (You responded to that question.)33 The companys employment of many people has added to our local economy. (The company employs many people.)34 The president will soon announce her selection of a new cabinet officer. (The president selects a new cabinet officer.) If the verb has an overt subject, that subject becomes a possessive form before a verbal noun, as shown. If there is no overt subject, the verbal noun is preceded by the.​  (Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2014) Also Known As: -ing noun

The Era of Prohibition - 1329 Words

Prohibition was a very interesting era that lasted from 1919 to 1933 (Ian Tyrell). It was a time where crime was at its highest. People where breaking the rules like never before. Drinking was a tradition Americans have been doing for many generations. Putting a ban on this substance seemed to many an injustice. They felt as if the government were taking their rights away. Prohibiting this drink may have caused things to go for worse. Alcohol has been socially acceptable for many years. It’s always used for ceremonies or celebrations. Without this substance a party would never be a party. Prohibition was not ever going to work. Many Americans kept drinking even if it was outlawed. They went out of their way to obtain this drink. If you†¦show more content†¦Many breweries had to shut down and the owners were now broke (About.com). The wine companies in the U.S. had to relocate to other countries to produce wine (About.com). The economy and quality of life was being des troyed by the Prohibition. The homicide rate had gone up by 13 percent (Prohibition Fast Facts). Medicinal alcohol sale rates had increased by four hundred percent between 1923 and 1931. Arrests for people being drunk in public had increased by 41 percent (Prohibition Fast Facts). Arrests for citizens that were driving under the influence of alcohol had increased by a jaw dropping 81 percent (Prohibition Fast Facts). The prohibition was also behind creating organized crime (Prohibition Fast Facts). For the first time, liquor was being smuggled from Mexico, Europe, Canada and the Caribbean (About.com). One famous smuggler was called Captain William S. McCoy (About.com). He would smuggle liquor from the Caribbean to Florida in a boat (About.com). Many business owners would turn their businesses into speakeasies. Speakeasies were underground bars that were serving liquor (About.com). Owners of these businesses were bribing local police to ignore business (About.com). Many of these spea keasies had to require you to get a membership card (About.com). Speakeasies weren’t very hard to find, they were often located in basements and office buildings (Ian Tyrell). In New York City there were up toShow MoreRelatedEssay The Prohibition Era 661 Words   |  3 Pageshistory. This was known as Prohibition. Prohibition was difficult to force during the first decade of the 20th century. Bootlegging is the illegal production and sale of liquor. The increase of bootlegging, speakeasies, and the accompanying rise in gang violence and other crimes led to waning support for Prohibition. In 1933, the Congress had adopted a resolution. They proposed a 21st Amendment to the Constitution, which would repeal the 18th Amendment. The prohibition era came to a close by the endRead MoreThe Mafia of the Prohibition Era1896 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough the Mafia is most associated with the Prohibition era of the 1920’s when it dominated crime in all major US cities, the true beginnings of the most infamous criminal organization started quite earlier. Beginning in the late 1800s, many Italians immigrated to New York City due to continued rumors of success in the area. This trend continued out of the 19th century and into the 20th as over 500,000 Italians immigrated to the United States (Sifakis). As Italian citizens migrated to the citiesRead MoreProhibition During The Era Of 1920-1933 Essay814 Words   |  4 PagesProhibition Essay: By: Savannah Crawford During the era of 1920-1933 could best be characterized as the path to a sober nation. This time of history consisted of the eighteenth amendment which was passed on October 28th 1919; Volstead Act. The Volstead act was created to carry out the movement of prohibition. In addition, Prohibition is the legal prohibiting of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic drinks for common consumption according to dictionary.com. Furthermore, this amendment concurs thatRead MoreCultural Issues Created by the Prohibition Era. 813 Words   |  3 PagesWhile the prohibition movement of the early twentieth century was brought on with a wholesome and moral mindset, the economic, political, and cultural factors relating to its origins and enactment untimely doomed it for failure. Such groups as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union and the progressive party argued that drinking was the cause of political corruption, crime, bad labor conditions, and a declining sense of family values. These groups’ protests and rallies gained enormous support quicklyRead MoreThe Chicago Mafia During The Prohibition Era1236 Words   |  5 Pagesleader of the Chicago mafia during the Prohibition era. Before being sent to Alcatraz Prison in 1931 from a tax evasion conviction, he had amassed a personal fortune estimated at $100 million and was responsible for countless murders† (Biography.com Editors, 2015). Most organized crime syndicates had police officers, federal officers and public officials in their pocket offering them more money than most would make in a year working for the city. The prohibition was very weakly enforced, and this madeRead MoreWhy The Prohibition Is The Era Of The United States852 Words   |  4 Pagesliquors†(Okrent, 1) with in the United States and its territories. This new decade is called the Prohibition. The prohibition is the era of bizarre and engaging images of speakeasies, intoxicated flappers dancing the Charleston, bootleggers, and mobsters protecting illegal trades. Daniel Okrent seeks to explain the build up to the era, passage of the 18th Amendment, the public s activities in the age of Prohibition, the ultimate repeal of the law by the 21st Amendment, and the final outcomes. Daniel OkrentRead MoreAmerican History: The Prohibition Era522 Words   |  2 Pages â€Å"The Noble Experiment† â€Å"Prohibition seemed to offer the promise of a great cure-all for poverty, corruption, and crime† -Bill Severn In American history prohibition was a time in which the transportation, sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited. Prohibition lasted approximately thirteen years serving from 1920 until 1933. The US banned sale of liquor with an alcohol content greater than 2.75%. Andrew Volstead wasRead MoreEra of Prohibition in THe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1473 Words   |  6 Pagesits increase in organized crime, notorious icons, and unhealthy lifestyle, the Era of Prohibition represented the Roaring Twenties which F. Scott Fitzgerald vividly portrayed in The Great Gatsby. Alcoholic beverages were illegal in the Roaring Twenties, which caused many Americans to develop hidden bars or speakeasies to drink their alcoholic beverages. The number of speakeasies increased tremendously when the Prohibition Act was established. The high number of speakeasies caused organized activityRead MoreThe life and accomplishments of Al Capone during the prohibition era in the 1920s.2535 Words   |  11 PagesDuring the prohibition era of the 1920s, if one wasnt an enemy of Alphonse (Al) Scarface Capone, was he, in many eyes, a hero? Due to his savvy street smarts and the corrupt rebellion of the decade, Al Capone was not only a popular commentary of the time, but is now a legend. His classic boy from the ghetto turned generous multi-millionaire story only adds to the heroism seen in this most famous Chicago mobster. Chicagos industries, open spaces and four seasons were an enormous magnet for theRead MoreThe Prohibiton Era1616 Words   |  7 PagesThe Prohibition Era The 1920’s was a huge, significant time for the United States. One of the most important parts of this time is the Prohibition Era. What is Prohibition? Prohibition is defined as the banning of alcohol use. On July 22nd 1919, this idea was put into action using the 18th amendment. The 18th amendment forbade the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol (Lapsanky-Werner 229). This amendment was enforced by the Volstead Act, named after Andrew Volstead. This act was not very

Church Pays Tribute to a Man Whose Home Was Its Steps Free Essays

A vast majority of people are of the idea that homeless people should struggle to get a job, and that they are homeless because they are lazy. The reality is different from what is commonly thought. No one becomes homeless by choice. We will write a custom essay sample on Church Pays Tribute to a Man Whose Home Was Its Steps or any similar topic only for you Order Now There may be a thousand reasons as to why a person is homeless. Instead of criticism, long-term assistance by those who can provide guidance is required. It is a fact that runaway criminals may disguise themselves as homeless, but not all homeless are criminals. Another misconception is that all homeless people are alcoholics or drug abusers. This again is a misunderstanding. The reality is that this can happen to any one of us at any stage in life, as there is no intention or will involved in becoming homeless. At the same time it is a fact that these homeless are in continuous struggle to carry on with their life, facing problems in abundance. A few things should be kept in mind before helping this class of society. Instead of helping them in the form of money, the society should help them with things they need. Helping a homeless by buying for him his breakfast is better than giving him money to buy that breakfast himself. The reason is that many homeless are involved in unlawful activities or addicted to drugs and if money is given directly, the result is more drug addiction instead of satiety. Shelter is another problem, especially in the winter season. Provision of health services to the homeless is a challenge for the medical community. Those who are addicted to drugs, or are affected by an illness need to be managed properly. Just like the common people, these homeless have needs which in a sense are special to these homeless. It is not only the responsibility of the government to cater for these need, but the society is also under obligation to share this responsibility, for improving the living conditions of the homeless. Question 1: What kind of intervention, if any, would be appropriate here? The self-destructive behavior of Arthur Cafiero was perhaps promoted by his loneliness. A lot of people were around him, but perhaps he never felt close enough to anyone to share what he wanted, or simply to share the problems he was facing. His intentions for suicide were not taken seriously. Who knows why was he willing to commit suicide? Was he affected by a psychiatric disease? Depression? Or was it a feeling of being useless for anyone or doing anything? An attempt to look for the root cause of his problems was the first thing that should have been done. Justifying one’s death by saying that he was willing to die, clearly implies that no one showed interest in knowing the cause of his problems. He was offered shelter, but he refused it. Good counseling by an expert mental health care physician would have shown better results. Refusal can be converted to acceptance by letting a person realize that what is being offered to him, is nothing else but his own need which should be fulfilled under all conditions. Question 2: Do you agree with what Mr. Brashear says about Arthur Cafieros choices? Why or why not? Arthur Cafieros appears to be the kind of person who is very much limited to himself. He has a complicated personality. On one hand he dislikes taking favors by refusing to take shelter, but on the other hand he returns the burger saying it has less amount of meat. It appears that Mr. Cafieros is not clear about his preferences. Showing resistance against police officer’s actions may mean he was afraid of their actions or that he had no trust in them. Taking an action that defends one’s right does not make him proud as Mr. Brashear mentioned in his words. It might be his love for justice and an attempt to keep this matter in his control. Reference Newman, A. (2003). `Church Pays Tribute to a Man Whose Home Was Its Steps.` The New York Times. How to cite Church Pays Tribute to a Man Whose Home Was Its Steps, Papers

Leadership Challenges and Recommendations for Educational

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Challenges and Recommendations for Educational. Answer: Introduction Leadership is an important function of the management in an organization, but it is very tough to be a leader. Leadership continuously offers the challenges to the leader and their skills and abilities. These challenges help in rising to another level, to improve in the process and to show that as a leader you can complete something, which may be seen very hard and even impossible. This essay explains the different challenges, which a leader faces in todays business world. These challenges may be internal, external and others which can be arisen from the role of leadership. There are some recommendations for making improvement in the quality of leadership development programs. There are some ways, in which the leaders can survive and take the benefits from them. Finally, it comments on the use of recommendation to leadership development program for improving the challenges and limitations of approaches, which are used to develop thee leaders and leadership. Many studies indicated that it is very tough to lead an organization in todays business world. The people, leading organization, face some challenges constantly. For the leaders, it is not possible to imagine the situation where they dont have to manage the external challenges (Branson, 2008). At a workplace, issues like lack of funds and other required resources, resistance from the forces in the community and organization and other interpersonal issues in the organization. There may be some social, political and economic factors in the world can influence the organization as well. To some level, the measure of leaders is how well they can handle with the constant progression of crises and minor displeasures, which can pose challenge to the objective of leaders group. Apart from this, leaders face the challenges in dealing with the organizational functions. It is very difficult to develop managerial effectiveness and related skills, like; decision making, strategic thinking, effective time-management, efficiency in the work and prioritization. The major challenge in this process is leading an entire team, which includes various tasks like; team development, team building and management of team (Bolden Gosling, 2006). Specific threats include that how to introduce self-importance in a team, how to direct a team of many members. Motivating or inspiring other people is also a challenge in an organization. The leaders have to make sure that the people in organization are satisfied with their jobs and working smarter for attaining the collective objective of organization. When it comes to implement the change in the organizational processes, then guiding changes is the challenges of managing, leading and understanding the change. In order to convince the employees to accept the changes, the leaders have to implement various strategies. It includes knowing how to handle consequences of change, overcome change resistance and manage the reaction of employees towards the change. Moreover, the leaders may face the challenge in managing the internal stakeholders. The leaders need to manage the relationships among the people, image and politics (Boyatzis McKee, 2006). This includes having support and managing the different departments, individuals and teams. There are some internal challenges, which stem from within the leader himself. However, leadership provides leaders to show the best of them, but it also exposes their limitations. There are so many cases, where effective leaders have to overcome those challenges and limitations for communicating and following their vision to the team members. These barriers to leadership are impatience, insecurity, and lack of confidence, fear and intolerance (Dalakoura, 2010). Overcoming these barriers can transform an average leader into a great leader. Generally, it is very difficult for the people, who look at themselves as leaders, to accept that they may have some of the personality characteristics and traits, which affect their abilities and skills to achieve the objectives. According to some researchers, understanding that all of these challenges are common for senior and middle level manager can be helpful for both the leaders and the people, those indicted with the development (Groves, 200 7). Thus, it can be analyzed that every leader faces the challenges because it is not easy to perform the tasks through others to get the better results, which you need. Management of poor performance is one of the major challenges for every leader to face but then management of poor results. Apart from this, other challenges, which are faced by leaders in todays business environment, are to find out such people for the company, who have good knowledge and experience, have courage to handle all the situations and see the reality and develop new leaders. Nowadays, the organizations are becoming more technology oriented and technological changes are very fast. Thus, building the work force to adapt these changes is also a major challenge for a leader. If the leaders want to meet these above-mentioned challenges in the organization, they should try to change their way to think and understand about the leadership. A significant component of effective leadership is learning to accept the limitations in leaders themselves and they should accept the reality of those personality traits and work to improve them, so they dont find them in the way. As a leader, the people think that it is very difficult to build better relationship among employees or team members, but they should consider some points, like; they should a dynamic role in coaching, mentoring and improving other people. Sometimes, leaders think that they are senior and treat the team members like they are working for them. It demotivates the employees to perform their tasks effectively. In order to motivate them, the leaders can provide them challenging opportunities and promote them to top management and allow them to enhance their core competencies. They should support them by providing feedback and guidance. The leaders should think that leadership is not only ensuring that the employees have required office supplies and software. They must look at the social psychological needs of the employees and meet them. Just leading an organization is not the duty of leaders; they should ensure that the members of team have a clear objective, assistance and effectively communicate the information among the team and with the external stakeholders also. They should play the role, so the followers assume them as their role model and sounding board. Along with this, it is very necessary to involve as many members as possible in the decision making process and they are enthusiastic on their jobs. To meet with the challenges of leading in uncertain and complex times, there should be innovative leadership in the organization. The leaders require innovative leadership for themselves as they operate the organization in unpredictable and challenging conditions. They can create an atmosphere for innovation in the organizations. Innovative thinking, tools and systems are necessary for the health of organization and future sustainability. As a leader, you should make sure that all the employees in the group have common interests. If you are able to find those people, then you may have the solution to solving the issues and making it possible for group members to work together for a collective goal. Leaders are also human being as other people, so they come with the similar problems as others. As mentioned above, one of the major challenges in leading the organization is facing personal issues. Dealing with the personality traits and attitudes, which come in the way and working to improve or overcome them is significant if you want to lead the organization effectively in uncertain and complex situations. There are some major traits which effective leaders need to overcome, such as; insecurity, defensiveness, impatience and inability to be objective. To cope with the internal challenges, the leaders should listen to the ideas, thoughts and opinions of the people. They should give them opportunities to speak in the decision making process. It is very difficult to change the organizational leadership and framework (Hayton, 2015). The leaders should conduct the occasional meetings to make discussion about the vision and mission of the organization. As a leader, you must have the abi lity to identify the people, who are capable in the organization. Thus, sharing the duties and responsibilities with these capable human resources will make you more effective, efficient and establish strong leadership. The leader should be confident and pleased at the workplace. When the employees feel that their leader is stressed and insecure, then they become depressed and unconfident as well. In this situation, the focus of the team shifts from its objectives to the current depressed situation and this suffers the team work. Thus, if the leaders want to meet and overcome the challenges in the tough and uncertain times, they should change the view towards the leadership role (Rath, 2014). They should ensure that leadership is not only about leading the people but also establishing a harmonious and flexible working environment in the organization, so that employees can work with satisfaction and happiness. Conducting a leadership development program can help the top management in leading the organization effectively. It will help the leaders and potential leaders in developing essential skills and abilities of leadership role. Leadership development program scan expand the abilities of individuals to pursue the leadership role in the organizations (Gurdjian, Halbeisen Lane, 2014). Leadership roles include executing the strategy of company using building arrangement, appealing mindshare and improving others abilities. The program can be conducted by integrating various techniques, like; classroom style programs, 360 degree feedback, coaching, mentoring, business school coursework and reflective journaling (Kouzes Posner, 2006). Many organizations do not include the leadership development program in their strategic planning. They are not using this program in focusing on the challenges, which the leaders face in the modern business world. But the organization must understand that the future success of the organization depends on identifying and developing the abilities of future leaders. Sometimes, people in an organization are not able to develop this program effectively and with high quality, so they can implement some strategies and consider the recommendations to improve the quality of leadership development program (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2013). To enhance the leadership program, the top management should look at the criteria, which they are using to recognize the future leaders and it should focus on that what they are doing to support employees development and how they are measuring and evaluating their performance and success. Implementing innovation and creativity can enhance the quality and effe ctiveness of this program. So, it is hereby recommended that the organization should set clearly defined leadership competencies and senior leaders should identify the required skills and abilities, which are required for execution of the organizational strategy (Gujral, 2012). Leadership development program should be focused on fortifying the ability of employees to deliver reliable and strong results, to become new experts and to gain the behavioral standards, which show the culture and values of a company. The major thing, which the organization can do for improving the quality of leadership development program, is create a leadership development plan and training. In this process, the leaders should collaborate with the top management on the plan, which is related to his/her individual development, authenticating the goals and probable barriers, which would hamper the success. Then, the organization can provides external and in-house workshops and training programs to teach the people about the fundamentals of leadership in organization by emphasizing on the core values of organization (Fairhurst Connaughton, 2014). The company should use the experimental training to increase the growth rate of success for converting the members into highly-functioning leaders. The program should provide the opportunities to the emerging leaders to enhance their proficiency, aptitude and assisting them to develop a level of leadership competence in the working environment. The above-mentioned recommendations will help the organization in addressing the limitations of approaches, which are used to develop both the leaders and leadership. These recommendations will help the organization in developing the leadership skills and abilities in the competitive working environment (Thomas, Pirtle Jessie, 2010). By implementing an effective leadership development plan, the senior leaders can provide coaching and mentoring to the potential leaders. The limitations of leadership approaches indicate that the leaders can motivate and lead the people, but they cannot give them passion and make them creative. Using these suggestions, they can develop their interests towards the vision and goals of organization. The leaders can improve their own skills through this type of program. It can assist in creating coaching culture in the organization (Dai Li, 2016). This coaching relationship can address the above-mentioned challenges, which are faced by the leader, but at the same time role models training skills to the senior leaders. This can allow the leaders to engage the staff and employees in more focused and aim driven talented discussions and enhanced performance chats resulting best talented individuals and groups. This leadership development program helps in developing the skills beyond general leadership and technical skills (Monarth, 2015). It can give an opportunity to the leader to understand, explore and become familiar with their emotive, behavioral and cognitive responses to the different situations. In Addition, this can address various issues like; conflict management, creating the value, effective communication, time management, improving problem solving skills, objective setting skills and establishing better relationships (Tsyganenko, 2014). To overcome the limitations of approaches, this development program can help the leaders in implementing the best suitable leadership style for the organization. There are various leadership styles, which have their own merits and demerits. This training can assist the senior leaders in developing their own leadership style, so their group members will give the best response. This training can help in improving the managing the effectiveness of the people, as the right leadership can enhance the productivity of the employees and leader (Gilley, McMillan Gilley, 2009). It is said that leadership is about understanding the individuals emotionally and this emotional intelligence is significant for the successful leadership. Thus, the successful implementation of leadership development program with high quality can sharpen the emotional skills in the people, leaders and managers. Enhancing the leadership development program can be helpful in addressing the limitation of approaches for d evelopment of leaders and leadership. Conclusion Thus, the life of todays leader is not very easy. Within the organizations, they have to lead and encourage a diversified group of people and improve effectiveness and efficiency and attain growth. Outside the organizations, they deal with the globalized and complex business environment. They have to comply and manage with the requirements and formalities of government. Leadership poses various challenges, which may be internal and external. These challenges generally arise in the phases of change and uncertainty. To overcome these situations, the organizations can implement a leadership development program, in which leadership skills and abilities can be enhanced and people can understand their leadership roles. They can come to know that how they can handle different and critical circumstances in the organization. If the organization employs some effective strategies to cope these external and internal challenges, then it can have successful and effective leader. References Branson, C. M. (2008). Achieving organisational change through values alignment.Journal of Educational Administration, 46 (3), 376395. Bolden, R., Gosling, J. (2006). Leadership competencies: time to change the tune?Leadership, 2 (2), 147163. Boyatzis, R. McKee, A. (2006). Inspiring Others through Resonant Leadership.Business Strategy Review, pp. 16-18. Dalakoura, A. (2010). Examining the effects of leadership development on firm performance. Journal of Leadership Studies, pp. 59-70. Dai, L. Li, J. (2016). The Integrated Design of Leadership Development. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 4, 127-132. Fairhurst, G. T., Connaughton, S. L. (2014). Leadership: A communicative perspective.Leadership,10(1), 7-35. Gilley, A., McMillan, H. S., Gilley, J. W. (2009). Organisational change and characteristics of leadership effectiveness.Journal of Leadership Organisational Studies, 16 (1), 3847. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2013).Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Gujral, G.S. (2012). Leadership Qualities for Effective Leaders. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. Gurdjian, P., Halbeisen, T., Lane, K. (2014). Why leadership-development programs fail.McKinsey Quarterly,1, 121-126. Hayton, J. (2015). Leadership and Management Skills in SMEs.Warwick Business School. Groves, K.S. (2007),"Integrating leadership development and succession planning best practices", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 26 Iss 3 pp. 239-260. Kouzes, J. M., Posner, B. Z. (2006).The leadership challenge(Vol. 3). John Wiley Sons. Monarth, H. (2015). Evaluate Your Leadership Development Program. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/01/evaluate-your-leadership-development-program. Rath, T. (2014). Effective Leadership:Leadership Skills and Leadership Qualities Required to Lead Effectively. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Thomas, R.E., Pirtle, J. Jessie. (2010). Developing Leaders: An Analysis of efficacy of executive coaching. Leadership Organizational Management Journal, 3, pp. 106-112. Tsyganenko, M.V. (2014). The Effect of a Leadership Development Program on Behavioral and Financial Outcomes: Kazakhstani Experience. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 124, pp. 486-495.